Optimal production run time for two-stage production system with imperfect processes and allowable shortages

This paper considers a two-stage production system with imperfect processes. Shortages are allowed, and the unsatisfied demand is completely backlogged. In addition, the capital investment in process quality improvement is adopted. Under these assumptions, we first formulate the proposed problem as a cost minimization model where the production run time and process quality are decision variables. Then we develop the criterion for judging whether the optimal solution not only exists but also is unique. If the criterion is not satisfied, the production system should not be opened. An algorithm for the computations of the optimal solutions is also provided. Finally, a numerical example and sensitivity analysis are carried out to illustrate the model.     

负偏压作用下染料敏化太阳电池界面及光电性能研究

太阳电池组件由于局部电压不匹配,其中部分电池可能较长时间工作在负偏压状态下,从而影响电池光电性能.借助拉曼光谱、电化学阻抗谱和入射单色光量子效率(IPCE)等测试手段,研究长期负偏压作用下染料敏化太阳电池光电性能的变化及其影响机理.拉曼光谱研究结果表明:电池在1000 h负偏压作用下,电解质中阳离子(Li⁺)会向光阳极(TiO₂电极)移动并嵌入TiO₂薄膜中;长期负偏压作用还会致使TiO₂/电解质界面阻抗增大和IPCE下降,导致电池开路电压升高和短路电流减小.通过加入苯并咪唑(BI)添加剂,经1000 h负偏压后电池的拉曼光谱实验表明,BI能在一定程度阻碍Li⁺的嵌入,电池具有较好的长期稳定性.不同负偏压下的老化实验进一步表明,通过加入添加剂能够使电池在长期负偏压下保持较好的稳定性. 关键词： 染料敏化 太阳电池 组件 负偏压     

低孔隙度疏松铝的高压声速与冲击熔化

对含微孔洞疏松度m=1.04的疏松铝进行了冲击加载-卸载实验,利用DISAR(distance interferometer system for any reflector)测得了53至99 GPa五个冲击压力下疏松铝/LiF界面粒子速度波剖面,获得了各压力下的纵波声速和其中三个压力点的体波声速,确定出疏松铝的冲击熔化压力约为81 GPa,确定出高压下冲击熔化前的泊松比约为0.372.通过分析,微孔洞明显降低了冲击熔化压力,引起的非谐振效应明显,状态方程计算中考虑非谐效应,非谐因子l 关键词： 低孔隙度 疏松铝 声速 冲击熔化     

Cellulosic nanocomposite membranes from hydroxypropyl cellulose reinforced by cellulose nanocrystals

Cellulosic nanocomposite membranes were prepared by incorporation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) into a hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) matrix using a mixing/evaporation technique. CNCs were obtained from filter paper using the sulfuric acid hydrolysis method with the aid of ultrasonication. The relationship between the microstructure and mechanical properties of the CNCs/HPC nanocomposite membranes was studied. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the CNCs were well dispersed in the HPC matrix, and the fracture surface demonstrated a fibrous characteristic. With increasing CNCs content, the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the CNCs/HPC nanocomposite membranes gradually increased. At 5 wt% content of CNCs, the strength was increased by 525 % and the Young’s modulus by 124 % compared with pure HPC membrane. Moreover, the effect of the phase change of HPC on the mechanical properties of the CNCs_5wt%/HPC nanocomposite membranes and the corresponding mechanism were also studied.     

Characterization of size‐segregated aerosols using ToF‐SIMS imaging and depth profiling

Size‐segregated particles were collected with a ten‐stage micro‐orifice uniform deposit impactor from a busy walkway in a downtown area of Hong Kong. The surface chemical compositions of aerosol samples from each stage were analyzed using time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) operated in the static mode. The ToF‐SIMS spectra of particles from stage 2 (5.6–10 µm), stage 6 (0.56–1 µm), and stage 10 (0.056–0.1 µm) were compared, and the positive ion spectra from stage 2 to stage 10 were analyzed with principal component analysis (PCA). Both spectral analysis and PCA results show that the coarse‐mode particles were associated with inorganic ions, while the fine particles were associated with organic ions. PCA results further show that the particle surface compositions were size dependent. Particles from the same mode exhibited more similar surface features. Particles from stage 2 (5.6–10 µm), stage 6 (0.56–1 µm), and stage 10 (0.056–0.1 µm) were further selected as representatives of the three modes, and the chemical compositions of these modes of particles were examined using ToF‐SIMS imaging and depth profiling. The results reveal a non‐uniform chemical distribution from the outer to the inner layer of the particles. The coarse‐mode particles were shown to contain inorganic salts beneath the organics surface. The accumulation‐mode particles contained sulfate, nitrate, ammonium salts, and silicate in the regions below a thick surface layer of organic species. The nucleation‐mode particles consisted mainly of soot particles with a surface coated with sulfate, hydrocarbons, and, possibly, fullerenic carbon. The study demonstrated the capability of ToF‐SIMS depth profiling and imaging in characterizing both the surface and the region beneath the surface of aerosol particles. It also revealed the complex heterogeneity of chemical composition in size and depth distributions of atmospheric particles. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Catalytic performance of cement clinker supported nickel catalyst in glycerol dry reforming

The paper reports the development of cement clinker-supported nickel （with metal loadings of 5 wt%, 10 wt%, 15 wt% and 20 wt%） catalysts for glycerol dry （CO2） reforming reaction. XRF results showed that CaO constituted 62.0% of cement clinker. The physicochemical characterization of the catalysts revealed 32-folds increment of BET surface area （SBET） with the addition of nickel metal into the cement clinker, which was also corroborated by FESEM images. Significantly, XRD results suggested different types of Ni oxides formation with Ni loading, whilst Ca3SiO5 and Ca2Al0.67Mn0.33FeO5 were the main crystallite species for pure cement clinker. Temperature-programmed reduction analysis yielded three domains of H2 reduction peaks, viz. centered at approximately 750 K referred to as type-Ⅰ peaks, another peaks at 820 K denoted as type-Ⅱ peaks and the highest reduction peaks, type-Ⅲ recorded at above 1000 K. 20 wt% Ni was found to be the best loading with the highest XG and H2 yield, whilst the lowest methanation activity. Syngas with lower H2/CO ratios （0.6 to 1.5） were readily produced from glycerol dry reforming at CO2-to-Glycerol feed ratio （CGR） of unity. Nonetheless, carbon deposit comprised of whisker type （Cv） and graphitic-like type （Cc） species were found to be in majority on 20 wt%Ni/CC catalysts.     

Synthesis of CuI Trifluoromethylselenates for Trifluoromethylselenolation of Aryl and Alkyl Halides

The development of new strategies for synthesis of trifluoromethylthiolate compounds is of considerable importance in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and advanced materials. Accordingly, currently much attention is being devoted to the development of effective methods and reagents for their synthesis. In contrast, considerably less effort has been afforded to the development of preparing C?SeCF₃ bonds. Herein we report a concise route to synthesize a family of copper(I) trifluoromethylselenolate reagents by the reaction of CuI with the Ruppert’s reagent (Me₃SiCF₃), KF, and elemental selenium in the presence of dinitrogen ligands in CH₃CN at room temperature. The reagent [Cu(bpy)(SeCF₃)]₂ was proven to be air‐stable and highly efficient for nucleophilic trifluoromethylthselenolation of a broad range of (hetero)aryl halides and alkyl halides. This method represents a powerful protocol for the construction trifluoromethylselenolate compounds.     

An appraisal of the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction for the synthesis of novel fluorescent coumarin derivatives

We report the chemical design and development of 3-aryl-substituted 7-alkoxy-4-methylcoumarins with enhanced fluorogenic properties. The 3-aryl substituents are installed via an optimized Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling (SMC) reaction between a 7-alkoxy-3-bromo-4-methylcoumarin and aryl boronic MIDA esters using Pd(OAc)₂/XPhos in a catalytic system with K₂CO₃ in aqueous THF. Under these conditions, an exocyclic ester functionality is found to be unaffected. Subsequent saponification revealed a carboxylic acid functionality that is suitable for conjugation reactions. Evaluation of their fluorescence properties indicated that the installed 3-heteroaryl substituent, particularly benzofuran-2-yl, resulted in a significant red shift of both the excitation and emission wavelengths.     

Temperature-induced inversion of elution order in the chromatographic enantioseparation of 1,1′-bi-2-naphthol on an immobilized polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phase

In this work, the enantioseparations of 1,1′-bi-2-naphthol (BINOL) and its three derivatives were performed on an immobilized polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phase, Chiralpak IA, under normal-phase mode. The effects of the content of polar modifier in the mobile phase and the column temperature on the retention and enantioseparation were investigated in detail. Temperature-induced inversion of elution order for BINOL was observed directly when n-hexane/2-propanol (92/8, v/v) was used as mobile phase. The isoenantioselective temperature (T_iso) was calculated to be 31.4 °C. When n-hexane/2-propanol/THF (93/2/5, v/v/v) was used as mobile phase, the T_iso value decreased to −8.2 °C. Entropically driven enantioseparation which had practical application was obtained successfully (separation factor being 1.189 and 1.332 at 25 °C and 50 °C, respectively). The corresponding thermodynamic parameters for other three binaphthyl compounds were compared with that for BINOL. Some inferences about chiral recognition mechanism were stressed.     

Poly[(N,N‐dimethylformamide‐κO)(μ3‐4,4′‐ethylenedibenzoato‐κ5O,O′:O′:O′′,O′′′)(pyrazino[2,3‐f][1,10]phenanthroline‐κ2N8,N9)lead(II)]

In the title Pb^II coordination polymer, [Pb(C₁₆H₁₀O₄)(C₁₄H₈N₄)(C₃H₇NO)]_n, each Pb^II atom is eight‐coordinated by two chelating N atoms from one pyrazino[2,3‐f][1,10]phenanthroline (L) ligand, one dimethylformamide (DMF) O atom and five carboxylate O atoms from three different 4,4′‐ethylenedibenzoate (eedb) ligands. The eedb dianions bridge neighbouring Pb^II centres through four typical Pb—O bonds and one longer Pb—O interaction to form a two‐dimensional structure. The C atoms from the L and eedb ligands form C—H...O hydrogen bonds with the O atoms of eedb and DMF ligands, which further stabilize the structure. The title compound is the first Pb^II coordination polymer incorporating the L ligand.